PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, is a biotechnological technique to amplify a gene of interest. Simple PCR is employed for detecting and amplifying the gene. Various advanced PCR methods are used for biotechnological, diagnostic, and research purposes. Quantitative PCR, also known as real-time PCR, measures nucleic acids. The amplification of the DNA molecule can be observed in real-time during PCR. RT-PCR, or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, involves both reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction processes. It is utilized for detecting and quantifying the amount of RNA.
PCR, a widely employed molecular biology technique, enables the amplification and identification of DNA and RNA sequences in a relatively straightforward manner. Unlike traditional methods of DNA cloning and amplification, which often entail lengthy processes, PCR accomplishes the same task within a few hours. With its exceptional sensitivity, PCR can detect and amplify specific sequences using minimal templates. Moreover, the application of PCR has extended beyond basic DNA and RNA detection. PCR serves as a powerful tool in molecular biology and biotechnology, allowing for the replication of genes or short DNA segments. Its inventor, Kary Mullis, introduced this technique, which has become invaluable in laboratories for generating billions of DNA copies in research and diagnostic applications. The PCR process comprises three steps: denaturation, primer annealing, and extension of primers. By employing two sets of primers that complement both ends of the DNA template and a thermostable DNA polymerase, multiple cycles of polymerization yield numerous copies of the targeted DNA segment.
Quantitative PCR, also known as qPCR or real-time PCR, offers an additional dimension of analysis by quantifying DNA or RNA in RT-qPCR. The distinguishing feature of qPCR is the ability to monitor amplification in real time during the PCR process itself. This is made possible through the incorporation of fluorescent labeling, which facilitates the collection of real-time data. Similarly to PCR, qPCR utilizes fluorescent dyes or probes that bind to the target DNA during amplification. These probes emit light at different wavelengths upon laser excitation. By measuring the emitted light at each wavelength, the amount of target DNA present in the sample before amplification can be determined. Furthermore, qPCR enables the continuous monitoring of amplification progress by tracking changes in fluorescence over time.
RT-PCR, or reverse transcription PCR, involves two main steps. The first step is the reverse transcription process, and the second step is the amplification of the desired DNA sequence by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RT-PCR is used to detect RNA in a sample, and the amount of RNA can be measured using RT-qPCR. RT-PCR combined with qPCR (RT-qPCR) is very useful for quantitative analysis of viral RNA and gene expression.
The steps of RT-PCR are similar to those of PCR, with the additional first step of reverse transcription. In RT-PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is first produced using reverse transcriptase (RT). The cDNA is then used as a template for the standard amplification process by PCR.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a basic method used to produce numerous duplicates of specific DNA fragments. Conversely, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) is employed to amplify RNA. In contrast, quantitative PCR (qPCR) is utilized to measure the amount of nucleic acids in a given sample.
PCR and RT PCR are qualitative techniques, but qPCR is a quantitative technique.
PCR utilizes double-stranded DNA as its initial template, whereas RNA serves as the exclusive template for RT-PCR. In contrast, qPCR can employ both DNA and RNA templates.
PCR demonstrates low sensitivity and specificity as a technique. Conversely, both RT-PCR and qPCR exhibit high levels of sensitivity and specificity.
The resolution of the amplified product in PCR is extremely low. On the other hand, the PCR products generated by RT-PCR and qPCR possess a higher level of resolution.
Traditional PCR solely requires the DNA polymerase enzyme. However, both reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase enzymes are necessary for RT-PCR and qPCR.
PCR, similar to RT-PCR, is not associated with fluorescence. However, qPCR primarily relies on the principle of fluorescence.
PCR and RT-PCR yield results upon completion of the reaction, while qPCR simultaneously generates results in the form of peaks and graphs.