Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), an established process used in molecular biology, offers exquisite sensitivity as one of its great advantages. By starting with small fragments of nucleic acid, such as primers or oligonucleotides, PCR can synthesize over 10 million copies of RNA or DNA molecules from just a few initial copies of the target sequence, achieving this amplification within a mere 32 cycles. This sensitivity enables scientists to extract and amplify DNA from raw samples, obtaining valuable DNA profiles. However, this level of sensitivity, while advantageous in the lab, can pose challenges if contamination with other templates and amplicons is not carefully avoided in the laboratory environment.
PCR technology has made significant strides in medical and infectious disease diagnoses, forensics, and research applications. Treatment decisions and assessments of clinical efficacy often rely on DNA and RNA analysis of patient cells. Therefore, ensuring proper contamination control is paramount to obtain the best possible results. Both DNA polymerase and PCR assays are highly susceptible to contamination. Since PCR is frequently employed in clinical diagnostic applications, where multiple patient samples are processed on the same plate, contamination can persist across thousands and millions of DNA sequence copies. The introduction of a contaminant early in the reaction leads to exponential amplification of the error, resulting in false or inaccurate outcomes.
To address PCR contamination effectively, it is crucial to identify and mitigate common causes of such issues. These include maintaining meticulous lab setup and adhering to proper workflow procedures, preventing operator contamination through the use of personal protective equipment and careful handling of reagents and samples, implementing robust sample separation techniques to prevent transfer of genetic material, ensuring thorough sterilization of lab equipment, establishing a unidirectional workflow, and utilizing dedicated spaces or rooms for different stages of the PCR process.
1. Inaccurate laboratory arrangement and improper workflow
2. Contamination from the operator
3. Failure in sample separation
4. Insufficient sterilization of laboratory equipment
5. Pipetting method
6. Regularly altering gloves
7. Select for positive displacement or filter tips during reaction setup
To Create and keep a Secure laboratory supervisors should provide strong policies, practices, and educational methods to make sure the laboratory is well-made and all staff know the dangers related to the lab equipment.
Keeping the laboratory harmless requires active participation from everyone. Administrators or managers should establish strong policies, procedures, and educational practices to ensure that the lab is well-designed and that all workers understand the hazards associated with its equipment.
To optimize the workflow of PCR in the laboratory, it is important to establish an appropriate lab setup and implement a unidirectional workflow.
This can be achieved through the following measures:
It is crucial to create distinct work areas or rooms for each step of the PCR reaction. It is strictly prohibited to bring back tubes that have already been processed to the previous work area or room.
The master mix should be prepared and divided into appropriate aliquots within the reaction vessel. These aliquots should then be moved to a nearby area that is physically separated from the preparation area.
The area where the master mix is prepared must never contain any DNA template. It is imperative to maintain complete segregation between these two areas.
Reaction tubes that have undergone amplification should never be stored together with unamplified samples or unused reagents. This separation is crucial to prevent contamination.
In smaller laboratories where separate rooms for each PCR reaction may not be feasible, alternative solutions such as PCR hoods or dead-air boxes (hoods without an air blower) can be utilized to create the necessary separation and prevent contamination.
To ensure effective implementation of these practices, personnel should receive thorough training and have access to written procedures. Additionally, quality assurance personnel should establish standardized protocols that are tailored to the specific size of the laboratory space and the available equipment.
To prevent contamination in the PCR workstation, it is essential to address the primary source, which is the operators themselves. To minimize this issue, operators need to adhere to the established workflow and ensure that they maintain the necessary laboratory equipment. Here are some guidelines to eradicate operator contamination effectively:
1. Always wear gloves and replace them at regular intervals.
2. Exercise caution and diligence in keeping the work surface clean.
3. Adhere to the prescribed unidirectional workflow protocol.
PCR workstation can be enhanced with a UV lamp that has antimicrobial properties. This lamp is activated periodically to sterilize the working environment. However, it is crucial to note that exposure to UV-C can be harmful. Therefore, personnel are advised to vacate the room while the UV lamp is in operation. In cases where this is not feasible, lab workers must consistently wear appropriate protective gear when working under these lamps. It is of utmost importance that the PCR hood with UV lamps is constructed using materials that are resistant to UV rays.
1-Conduct PCR reactions exclusively within a dedicated PCR reaction hood.
2-Thoroughly sterilize the entire work surface of the hood, as well as pipettes, using a diluted solution of bleach followed by rinsing with 70% ethanol.
3-Each PCR reaction hood should be equipped with specific equipment (pipettes, centrifuges, plastic labware) that should not be relocated or transferred to another hood.
The way you handle your pipette is crucial for getting accurate and high-quality results in molecular assays. It's also important to prevent sample contamination, which can cause misleading positive results. By using the correct pipetting technique, you can ensure precise aspiration and dispensing of the desired volume without any liquid splashing. Take care when opening and closing sample tubes and reaction plates to avoid any splashing. Additionally, spinning the tubes or plates before opening them can help prevent the release of aerosols.
To maintain a safe and clean environment in the PCR area, it is important for lab technicians to consistently wear new gloves. It is advised to change gloves regularly, especially if there is a suspicion that they have come into contact with solutions containing template DNA, thus preventing any potential contamination.
For setting up reactions, it is recommended to utilize positive displacement or filter tips. Aerosols are often a cause of contamination when using pipettes. By using filter tips, a protective layer is created between the pipette and the liquid being measured, effectively blocking the transfer of aerosols into samples and reagents. Positive displacement pipettes, on the other hand, eliminate the presence of air between the piston and the measured reagents, thereby reducing the chances of aerosol contamination.
PCR contamination may arise in various stages, such as during the setup of amplification, handling of amplification products, aerosolized DNA, and storage. The primary forms of contamination include inter-sample contamination, contamination between nucleic acids, and contamination through amplicon carryover. Inter-sample contamination can occur when samples are manipulated before the PCR process. Contamination sources encompass reagents, disposable supplies, and improper handling techniques. Additionally, nucleic acids can contaminate previous samples and organisms existing within the laboratory. Lastly, the most significant source of contamination stems from amplicon carryover, whereby amplicons can contaminate laboratory equipment, surfaces, and even the ventilation system of the lab.
Minimizing and preventing contamination during and after the PCR process is of utmost importance for laboratories, as it ensures the delivery of consistent and precise outcomes. In the realm of healthcare, PCR contamination holds the potential to disrupt patient care by producing false positive results.